Following the Black Death, Europe and Asia saw recurrent outbreaks of plague for centuries, alongside other diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. The so-called “Great Plague” of London (1665–1666) killed about 100,000 people and influenced urban planning, sanitation, and public health policies. In the Americas, the arrival of

Throughout human history, pandemics have profoundly shaped societies, economies, cultures, and even the course of civilizations. The experience of living amid widespread disease outbreaks has been a test of human resilience, adaptation, and ingenuity. From ancient plagues to modern viral pandemics, people have endured and transformed their ways of

The Auld Alliance was not merely symbolic; it resulted in several significant military and diplomatic collaborations: The Battle of Baugé (1421): French and Scottish troops fought side by side, achieving a decisive victory against the English during the Hundred Years' War. The Siege of Orléans (1429): Scottish soldiers played a role in

The ancient alliance between France and Scotland, often referred to as the "Auld Alliance," is one of the most famous and enduring diplomatic relationships in European history. This alliance, rooted in mutual interests and common enemies, notably England, spanned several centuries and shaped the political, military, and cultural landscapes of both