Origins of the Auld Alliance
The origins of the Franco-Scottish alliance date back to the late 13th century, during a time of great political upheaval in Britain and continental Europe. The immediate catalyst was England’s growing dominance and expansionist ambitions, which posed a threat to both Scotland and France.
In 1295, King John Balliol of Scotland and King Philip IV of France formalized the alliance with the Treaty of Paris. This treaty was designed primarily as a mutual defense pact against England, which was increasingly aggressive towards its neighbors. The agreement promised that if either country were attacked by England, the other would come to its aid militarily.
Motivations Behind the Alliance
Both France and Scotland shared a common enemy in England. For Scotland, England was a direct neighbor and frequent aggressor, especially during the Wars of Scottish Independence. For France, England was a rival power, particularly during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453).
The alliance was also deeply strategic for France, as it opened a northern front that forced England to divide its military resources. For Scotland, French support offered a valuable counterbalance against the might of England, often providing crucial military aid and resources. shutdown123